When is medical treatment fraud?

For those who have nothing nice to say about Chiropractors:

By way of real-life anecdotes in my 8 years experience with a commercial payor, I've had more experience with mainstream health care professionals in places like hospital-based rehab clinics and orthopedic surgery-based PT clinics using VAX-D, and the myriad of unproved electronic diagnostic and therapy gizmos than you might expect in a market full of chiropractors. I have had physical therapists passionately swear by such interventions and argue that their personal experience with them is all the proof they need that they work. I've had facility administrators and physician medical directors argue for coverage for services using the latest device that is clearly on the outer fringes of science and/or efficacy.

Let's face it: Mainstream medicine is not always evidence-based medicine, and quackery is not always complimentary medicine. And, I'd say that all mainstream medicine does not have to be evidence-based, and thus, all complimentary medicine does not have to be quackery.

The distinction I hope we're trying to make here is premise. I believe it is the premise that can clearly define whether something is health fraud. If the reason for advocating a particular health intervention has to do primarily with a monetary return on investment, vitalistic belief or philosophy, or self gratification, well, chances are...